Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for estimating a location on an object in a three-dimensional scene. Multiple
radiation patterns are produced by spatially modulating each of multiple first radiations with a distinct combination of one or more modulating structures, each first
radiation having at least one of a distinct
radiation path, a distinct source, a distinct
source spectrum, or a distinct source polarization with respect to the other first radiations. The location on the object is illuminated with a portion of each of two or more of the radiation patterns, the location producing multiple object radiations, each object radiation produced in response to one of the multiple radiation patterns. Multiple measured values are produced by detecting the object radiations from the location on the object due to each pattern separately using one or more
detector elements. The location on the object is estimated based on the multiple measured values.