33 results about "Digital agriculture" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for estimating soil organic carbon content by using a mid-infrared spectrum technology, which comprises the following steps: 1) collecting several soil samples, measuring the organic carbon content of the soil sample; 2) collecting the mid-infrared spectrum data of the soil sample, dividing the mid-infrared spectrum data into a modeling sample set TN and an examination sample set PM; 3) taking the mid-infrared spectrum data of each soil sample in the modeling sample set TN, taking the organic carbon content of the soil sample as output to establish a model, and using the examination sample set PM for examining the model; and 4) collecting the mid-infrared spectrum of the soil to be estimated, putting the result in the model obtained in the step 3), and calculating the organic carbon content of the soil to be estimated. The method provided by the invention has high analysis efficiency and precision, and provides a feasible method for acquisition of large-area digital agriculture information and precious work.

The invention belongs to the technical field of flower breeding in gardens and in particular relates to a method for fast screening dendrobium nobile potted flower with high quality; the method is characterized in that: in a flowering phase of a potted dendrobium nobile, exhibiting characteristic value F of different varieties or the same variety among different plants is obtained by surveying, analyzing and screening the indexed which reflect the plant quality among the varieties and in the save variety and setting the index parameter values, and the quality of the potted flower of the dendrobium nobile is divided into five grades according to the size of the value, and the obtained result for testing the potted flower with high quality can accurately reflect the quality characteristics of the tested potted flower of the dendrobium nobile. The method provides scientific, simple and practical index and method for the screening of the high-quality potted flower of the dendrobium nobile and is the basis for building the digital agriculture.

The invention provides an intelligent digital agricultural planting and breeding monitoring and controlling system, which comprises a control center and a monitoring and controlling assembly in communication interconnection with the control center. The monitoring and controlling assembly obtains real-time data information of farm cultivation and sends the real-time data information to the control center, and the control center processes and stores the data information and is in communication connection with external mobile terminals, a data terminal and a control terminal through a communication network. The monitoring and controlling assembly comprises a four-in-one sensor, a six-in-one sensor and a crop detection unit. According to the application, the four-in-one sensor, the six-in-one sensor, the crop detection unit and other functional parts can be well utilized to obtain and collect monitoring data information, and through analysis and processing of the information, data sharing is carried out in time, and corresponding maintenance measures are taken.

The invention belongs to the technical field of digital agriculture, and particularly relates to a stalk removing device for production of pimento chili sauce. The stalk removing device aims at solving the problem that when an existing chili stalk removing device is used for removing stalks, chili is easily crushed, and juice is splashed. According to the scheme, the stalk removing device comprises a base, wherein a cavity is formed in the base, and the base is of a cuboid structure; a rotating table is rotationally connected to the middle of the upper surface of the base, mounting holes whichare distributed at equal intervals are formed in the position, close to the circumferential edge, of the upper surface of the rotating table, and supporting plate boxes are fixed in the mounting holes; and a fixing pipe is fixed in the middle of the upper surface of each supporting plate box, and contact rods which are distributed in a staggered mode are fixed on the circumferential inner wall ofeach fixing pipe, and the contact rods are made of rubber materials. According to the stalk removing device, when the stalk and the stalk of a pimento body need to be removed in the using process, the pimento body only needs to be placed into the fixing pipes, at the moment, the pimento body can be tightly abutted against the contact rods on the inner walls of the fixing pipes so as to be fixed,and then the stalk and the stalk of the chili can be separated under the action of a sawtooth barrel which rotates and presses downwards at the same time.

The invention discloses an intelligent deployment method of a wireless sensor network node based on a farmland electronic map, and belongs to the field of digital agriculture. The boundary information of the maximal and the minimal longitudes and latitudes of each filed are read through the electronic map, and chromosome (individual body) of a genetic algorithm is built according to the boundary information. The optimization target of the genetic algorithm is that only a node exists in each field; and at least two neighbor nodes within a communication range are arranged near each node to achieve bi-connection, and at least one connection in a gateway direction exists in the bi-connection. Intelligent deployment of the wireless sensor network node of the farmland is finally achieved by evolution of the genetic algorithm according to the optimization target. Intelligent deployment of the wireless sensor network node of a large farmland can be rapidly and efficiently achieved by the method disclosed by the invention.

The invention discloses a greenhouse disease intelligent physical prevention and treatment remote control system which includes a computer, and is characterized in that the greenhouse disease intelligent physical prevention and treatment remote control system includes the following function modules: a mobile phone control module used for an implanted mobile phone to remotely control a computer to turn on and turn off and a system to operate; a data processing center module used for receiving all information stream data and interconnected with the mobile phone control module after processing; a sensor sensing module used for monitoring ozone concentration and indoor temperature and humidity in real time and sending back to the data processing center module after information being acquired. According to the greenhouse disease intelligent physical prevention and treatment remote control system provided by the invention, the mobile phone control module and the data processing center module can remotely control the ozone concentration and the indoor temperature and humidity data involved in digital agriculture, the intelligent monitoring processing can be achieved, the data accuracy and traceability are improved, the data transmission is safe and reliable and the labor cost is reduced.

The invention discloses a digital agricultural platform system, relates to the technical field of agricultural management, and can realize real-time data monitoring of working places, working tracks and walking paths of unmanned aerial vehicles, tractors, harvesters, rice transplanters and grain transport vehicles by utilizing GPS / Beidou satellite positioning. Real-time working data collection ofthe unmanned aerial vehicle is achieved through a air pressure sensor, a flow sensor and an acceleration sensor, real-time working information collection of a tractor, a harvester and a rice transplanter is achieved through a proximity switch and an infrared counter, and real-time working data of various agricultural machines are uploaded to a server through a mobile communication base station tobe stored permanently.

The invention discloses an intelligent agricultural park management platform which comprises a digital agricultural intelligent analysis center, an internet agricultural operation system, an agricultural machinery service system, a land circulation system, an agricultural product supervision and traceability system, a circular agricultural system, an agricultural early warning and automatic control system and a platform extension system. The digital agricultural intelligent analysis center is connected with a user terminal through a wireless transmission module, and the Internet agricultural operation system, the agricultural machinery service system, the land circulation system, the agricultural product supervision and traceability system, the circular agricultural system and the agricultural early warning and automatic control system are all connected with the digital agricultural intelligent analysis center. Through the arrangement of the digital agricultural intelligent analysis center and the cloud of things service platform, the agricultural park can be intelligently monitored and controlled, the intelligent degree is high, the management of the intelligent agricultural park is facilitated, the safety of agricultural products can be improved, the working efficiency of agricultural equipment can be improved, and the sales of the agricultural products can be improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of digital agriculture, and particularly relates to an agricultural irrigation monitoring system. The agricultural irrigation monitoring system includes an information acquisition device, an information processing and transmitting device, and an information receiving and displaying device, wherein the information acquisition device includes a plurality of moisture content sensors buried at different depths of a field, is used for collecting the moisture content information of the different depths of soil in the field, and sends the moisture content information to the information processing and transmitting device; the information processing and transmitting device is used for analyzing the received moisture content information, judges whether the moisture content is lower than a preset value and whether trickle irrigation is to be started, and sends the analyzed moisture content information to the information receiving device; the information receiving and displaying device is used for receiving and displaying the analyzed moisture content information, and stores the analyzed moisture content information. The agricultural irrigation monitoring system avoids insufficient knowledge of the moisture contents of crops to be irrigated, improves the yield of the crops, and reduces the water consumption.

The invention relates to a farmland soil organic carbon spatio-temporal data acquisition method. Interpolation and resampling analysis are performed by adopting a small amount of sample data to obtainmore spatial sample point data, so that the spatial resolution can be quickly and greatly improved; by performing time dimension simulation analysis on the high-spatial-resolution sample point data,the time resolution is far higher than that of spatial sample point data obtained by traditional sampling investigation, and the spatial-temporal-scale high-resolution sample point data can be quicklyobtained; according to the whole design method, the data acquisition working efficiency can be greatly improved; according to a traditional investigation method, a large amount of manpower needs to be input for field sampling investigation and indoor test analysis, and the time cost is high; space-time scale expansion can be performed by utilizing a small amount of sample data in a single period,soil sample point data with higher space-time resolution can be obtained, data support is provided for digital agriculture big data analysis, and the technical blank that current data is difficult toobtain is filled up.

The invention discloses a cloud-based agricultural big data platform, which comprises a system integration platform, an intermediate database and an application integration system, and is characterized in that the system integration platform comprises a digital agricultural on-line data acquisition module, a digital agricultural on-line data control module, a digital agricultural on-line data monitoring module, a digital agricultural on-line data alarm module, a facility digital production system, a digital model and standardized safety production regulations; resource sharing and remote management are provided; the system integration platform selects a WebGIS and configuration animation embedding technology. The agricultural big data platform based on the cloud relates to the application of big data, Internet of Things, Beidou, artificial intelligence and other technical means in the agricultural field, acquires agricultural resource elements, production process and other data in real time, and realizes precision, automation, intelligence and standardization of agricultural production and management; through intelligent analysis and decision-making of agricultural big data, the government can comprehensively grasp agricultural conditions, more efficient and comprehensive support is provided for agricultural development, and the purpose of speaking by using data and making decisions by using data is achieved.

The invention relates to an Internet-of-things equipment identity recognition method, a system, equipment and a computer readable medium. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring chip ID data in the Internet-of-things equipment in real time; generating a public key, a private key and ciphertext data according to the acquired chip ID data; sending the private key and the ciphertext data back to the Internet-of-things equipment, the Internet-of-things equipment forms a new complete MAC address according to reserved field data configuration, and storing the Internet-of-things equipment ID and the ciphertext data in a chip; and obtaining verification information of the Internet-of-things equipment in real time, querying the Internet-of-things equipment ID and the ciphertext data stored in the corresponding chip according to the verification information of the Internet-of-things equipment, comparing the Internet-of-things equipment ID and the ciphertext data with the received ciphertext, and if the comparison succeeds, judging that the equipment registration succeeds. The method is suitable for users to collect and control the states of various agricultural objects in digital agriculture, is also suitable for equipment suppliers to self-network to form a large database, and provides a data analysis and processing platform for various application software developers or users.

The invention relates to an unmanned aerial vehicle patrol device for large-scale crop planting, and belongs to the technical field of unmanned aerial vehicles, the unmanned aerial vehicle patrol device comprises an unmanned aerial vehicle and a resident seat, the unmanned aerial vehicle patrol device is in wireless communication with a digital agricultural system, autonomous patrol, return charging and monitoring are performed under unified management and control and scheduling, efficiency is improved, cost is reduced, and the agricultural production level is improved. The unmanned aerial vehicle takes off from the resident seat and performs autonomous patrol aiming at large-scale planted crops; when the electric quantity is insufficient, the unmanned aerial vehicle returns to the resident seat for charging; and after the inspection is finished, the unmanned aerial vehicle resides in the residing seat for monitoring. The unmanned aerial vehicle lands and resides on the residing seat through the hanging piece in a hanging mode. The residing seat is installed on a stand column or a building outer vertical face, bears impact of the unmanned aerial vehicle during landing through the hanging rod, provides shaking damping and stable balance and consumes shaking energy. Under the guiding and driving of the hanging rod and the guide rod, the hanging piece of the unmanned aerial vehicle is inserted into the sleeve seat and is locked; fixed-point landing can be achieved without strictly controlling the landing point, and the safety, the stability and the reliability of the landing process are improved.

The invention discloses an environmental data acquisition monitoring device for digital agriculture, and relates to the field of digital agriculture. The environmental data acquisition monitoring device comprises a device body, the device body is provided with a monitoring camera and a display screen, the display screen is movably provided with a protective cover, glass is fixedly installed in the protective cover, the protective cover is internally provided with a brush rod, a plurality of bristles are fixedly installed on the brush rod and make contact with the glass, and an installation box is fixedly installed on the bottom side of the protection cover. According to the invention, through the arrangement of the protective cover and the glass, the display screen can be effectively protected, so that the problem that the display screen is damaged due to accidental impact can be avoided, the normal use of the display screen is ensured, and meanwhile, the monitoring camera can be protected through the external shell; and the fan arranged in the external shell can discharge the hot air flow through the air holes to actively cool the monitoring camera, so the monitoring camera can still be normally used even under the exposure of the sun in summer.

The invention relates to a digital agricultural intelligent system and its operation method. The system includes an execution terminal, a temperature detection unit, a humidity detection unit, a display unit and a controller, and the execution terminal, the temperature detection unit, the humidity detection unit and the display unit are connected to the controller respectively. ; The temperature detection unit is used to detect the temperature of the soil, groundwater, irrigation water and grassland area; and the detection result is input to the controller; the humidity detection unit is used to detect the humidity of the soil, groundwater, irrigation water and the grassland area; and The detection result is input to the controller; the controller, after receiving the detection result, controls the execution terminal to perform sprinkling irrigation according to the detection result; the display unit, receiving the control of the controller, presents the detection result in a table or / and a curve. The invention realizes accurate acquisition of temperature and humidity, and generates corresponding records, intelligently controls the executive terminal to replenish water in time, improves agricultural harvest rate, has low requirements for management personnel, and has a high degree of intelligence.

The invention discloses a multispectral crop growth sensor spectral reflectivity calibration method and belongs to the field of digital agriculture. In a multispectral crop growth sensor, incident light intensity of an uplink photo-sensor and a downlink photo-sensor is converted into voltage value. The method includes the steps of: converting the voltage value of the uplink photo-sensor into the voltage value corresponding to the light intensity of an incident interface of the sensor; obtaining reflectivity from the ratio of the light intensity voltage to the light intensity voltage of the incident interface; establishing a unary linear regression calibration equation from the reflectivity and standard reflectivity; and finally calculating the spectral reflectivity through the calibration equation. The method avoids influence on the spectral reflectivity due to solar altitude and has excellent universality.

The invention relates to the technical field of data acquisition devices, in particular to a digital agricultural multifunctional data acquisition device. Comprising guide rails, guide blocks, a moving assembly and a collecting assembly. The collecting assembly comprises a supporting seat, a lead screw, a sliding block, a temperature collecting component and a soil collecting component, the supporting seat is connected with the moving assembly, the lead screw is rotationally connected with the supporting seat, the sliding block is rotationally connected with the lead screw, the temperature collecting component is connected with the sliding block, and the soil collecting component is connected with the moving assembly; the height of the sliding block can be adjusted by driving the lead screw to rotate, so that the temperature acquisition component can acquire required environmental data at multiple height positions, environmental data acquisition can be carried out at multiple positions through movement of the moving assembly, the soil acquisition component is driven to carry out soil acquisition at multiple positions, and multifunctional data acquisition is realized. The condition of the planting environment is truly and comprehensively reflected, and the planting effect is guaranteed.

The invention relates to a farmland soil organic carbon temporal-spatial data acquisition method based on multi-source data assistance. According to the farmland soil organic carbon temporal-spatial data acquisition method, a small amount of sample point data is used as a basis; a multi-source data auxiliary processing method is designed, adopted and combined with resampling and interpolation analysis to obtain temporal-spatial scale high-resolution data quickly, the obtained data has the advantage of high reliability, the contradiction between the cost and the number of sample points is solved, namely, temporal-spatial scale expansion is carried out by utilizing the small amount of sample point data in a single period, soil sampling point data with higher temporal-spatial resolution is obtained, data support is provided for digital agriculture big data analysis, the technical blank that the current data is difficult to obtain is filled, the temporal scale data is rapidly expanded, thespatial scale sample point resolution is greatly improved, the farmland soil organic carbon temporal-spatial data acquisition method has the technical advantages of being high in data acquisition speed and reliable in data, the time and economic costs required by data acquisition can be greatly reduced by adopting the farmland soil organic carbon temporal-spatial data acquisition method, and temporal-spatial data with higher resolution is rapidly provided for digital agricultural soil quality monitoring.

The invention discloses an acquisition control device for digital agriculture, and belongs to the technical field of digital agriculture, the acquisition control device comprises a box body and a water quality detection probe, the bottom of the box body is connected with a driving assembly, and the left side wall of the box body is provided with a universal camera; the top of the box body is connected with a cover plate, the cover plate is connected with a horizontal rotating assembly, the horizontal rotating assembly is connected with an extending assembly, and the horizontal adjusting assembly and the extending assembly are matched to drive the water quality detection probe to move to different positions; the driving end of the extension assembly is connected with a second linear driving assembly, and the output end of the second linear driving assembly is fixedly connected with a water quality detection probe; a control assembly is arranged in the box body; in this way, the horizontal adjusting assembly and the extending assembly are matched to drive the water quality detection probe to move outwards, then the second linear driving assembly drives the water quality detection probe to move downwards into water, the collection position of the water quality detection probe is adjusted according to needs, and the comprehensiveness of collected data is improved.

The invention discloses an agricultural e-commerce fusion system based on real-time expansion of the Internet of Things. The agricultural e-commerce fusion system comprises an e-commerce module and a farm module, the e-commerce module is used for consumers to purchase agricultural products and logistics distribution; the farm module is used for forming agricultural big data based on the Internet of Things. The agricultural Internet of Things and the agricultural product e-commerce are fused, the early stage of the Internet of Things is mainly based on video monitoring, the later stage of the Internet of Things can be deeply developed, agricultural big data are formed, the agricultural product e-commerce forms e-commerce big data, and the two are coupled through Internet of Things expansion, a real-time data warehouse technology and behaviors such as watching and selection of consumers. The system can help farmers and consumers functionally, and for consumers, the system can establish real-time connection with a farm to help the consumers to judge whether objects and beauty exist or not and even perform remote selection; for a farm, a foundation is laid for brand building and further development of digital agriculture while agricultural products are sold in the farm.

The invention relates to a farmland soil organic carbon content data acquisition method based on TM image assistance. According to the farmland soil organic carbon content data acquisition method, a brand new design method is adopted for carrying out interpolation and resampling analysis by adopting a small amount of sample data; more sampling point data can be obtained, namely, soil organic carbon density data with high resolution in a region can be rapidly obtained, and the obtained data has the advantage of high reliability; moreover, the contradiction between the cost and the number of thesample points can be solved, namely, high-density sample point data can be obtained through assistance of a TM image by utilizing the small amount of sample data, the cost is reduced, meanwhile, enough sample point data can be guaranteed to be obtained, the spatial resolution can be rapidly and greatly improved, and the working efficiency of data acquiring is greatly improved. In conclusion, thedesigned method significantly reduces the time and economic costs required for data acquisition, data support can be provided for digital agriculture big data analysis, and the technical blank that current data acquisition is difficult is filled up.

The invention discloses an intelligent control method for an open type digital greenhouse, and relates to the technical field of digital agriculture. The method comprises the following steps that S1, an open terminal is arranged in a digital greenhouse, a plurality of open interfaces are formed in the open terminal, and each open interface is electrically connected with an electric roller shutter mechanism, a ventilation mechanism, a carbon dioxide supplementing mechanism and a drip irrigation fertilization mechanism; s2, a routing module is further arranged at the open terminal, a WIFI network is sent out through the routing module, and various devices in the digital greenhouse are connected with the open terminal through the network. By arranging the open terminal and a plurality of open interfaces, various external devices such as an unmanned aerial vehicle, a picking machine, a reclamation machine, a fire extinguisher and the like can be accessed to the open terminal through a network, safety verification is carried out through the verification module, then the system can be added, the openness is good, the use is very convenient, and the cost is low. The problem that an existing digital greenhouse control system is insufficient in openness is solved.

The invention discloses a digital agricultural management method and device based on a block chain, and aims to solve the problems that the existing agricultural production lacks a scientific management method, the transaction cost of agricultural products is very high, and the competitiveness of the agricultural products is relatively deficient. The method comprises the following steps: constructing a block chain platform based on digital agricultural management; determining planting data corresponding to the agricultural products, and monitoring the agricultural products planted according tothe planting data; obtaining monitoring data of the agricultural products, and obtaining evaluation results of the agricultural products based on the monitoring data; and associating the planting data with the monitoring data and the evaluation result, and writing the associated data into a block chain platform. The block chain technology is applied to agricultural product management, the true reliability of data written into the block chain is guaranteed. Meanwhile, the growth environment of agricultural products is adjusted according to the real-time growth process of the agricultural products, corresponding planting data is adjusted, the agricultural products can be planted with the most scientific and effective planting data, and the scientific reliability of agricultural product management is improved.

The invention provides a digital conversion and acquisition device for digital agriculture, and the device comprises a detection unit which is used for detecting physical parameters in a planting greenhouse, a data integration unit electrically connected with the detection unit and used for carrying out data integration on the physical parameters detected by the detection unit, a big data visualization analysis platform in signal connection with the data integration unit, a data processing module in signal connection with the big data visualization analysis platform, a data feedback unit in signal connection with the data processing module and in signal connection with the big data visualization analysis platform through a data comparison unit, and an implementation unit in signal connection with the data comparison unit and the big data visual analysis platform through a signal judgment unit. The digital agricultural digital conversion and acquisition device provided by the inventionis complete in data acquisition, high in automation degree and capable of realizing remote control.

The invention belongs to the technical field of digital agriculture, and particularly relates to an aloe peeling device for aloe gel production. The aloe peeling device aims to solve the problem thataloe peeling completely depends on manual production and is low in efficiency due to the fact that a mechanical peeling device does not exist yet. The aloe peeling device comprises a workbench internally provided with a cavity and of a cuboid structure, the middle part of the upper surface of the workbench is rotatably connected with a rotary supporting table which is internally provided with a cavity and is of a cylindrical structure, four groups of clamping devices are fixed on the upper surface, close to the circumferential edge, of the rotary supporting table, a supporting frame is fixed on the upper surface, close to the edge, of the workbench, and a cross beam pipe is fixed at the top end of the supporting frame. When the aloe peeling device is used, segmented aloe can be clamped inthe clamping devices firstly when being peeled, and then the concave degree of a spring knife board is adjusted according to the variety of the aloe, so that the section formed by the spring knife board and an arc knife board is matched with the segmented aloe in a similar mode; and then a cutter module is controlled to conduct downward cutting.

The invention relates to the technical field of digital agriculture, and especially relates to an agricultural irrigation monitoring system. The system comprises an information collection device, an information processing and transmission device, and an information receiving and display device. The information collection device comprises a plurality of moisture content sensors buried in different depths of the field. The information collection device is used for collecting moisture content information of different depths of soil in the field, and transmitting the moisture content information to the information processing and transmission device. The information processing and transmission device is used for analyzing the received moisture content information, determining whether the value is lower than a preset value and whether to start drip irrigation, and transmitting the analyzed moisture content information to the information receiving device. The information receiving and display device is used for receiving and displaying the analyzed moisture content information, and storing the analyzed moisture content information. With the system, a situation of non-sufficient understanding of crop irrigation water condition is avoided. With the system, crop yield is improved, and water consumption is saved.

The invention relates to a digital agricultural system, a construction method and a storage medium, and belongs to the technical field of electronic communication. The system comprises a production condition monitoring module, a product traceability module and a data management module, and the production condition monitoring module is used for collecting data of the whole production process of agricultural products to obtain agricultural product information; the product traceability module is connected with the production condition monitoring module and generates an agricultural product traceability code based on agricultural product information, the agricultural product information comprises agricultural product feature information, agricultural product summary information and agricultural product service provider information, and the agricultural product service provider information is generated according to a private key of a digital certificate of an agricultural product service provider; the data management module is connected with the product traceability module, and generates tracking data in real time after the agricultural product information is subjected to warehouse-out processing, transportation processing or warehouse-in processing according to a preset tracking algorithm. The method is combined with the high-quality agricultural product traceability code, and the precision of traceability of the agricultural product quality is improved.

The invention relates to an unmanned aerial vehicle precise pesticide spraying system for large-scale crop planting, and belongs to the technical field of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles, the unmanned aerial vehicle precise pesticide spraying system comprises a service vehicle, an unmanned vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle and a mooring cable, and under the unified management and control and scheduling of a digital agricultural system, autonomous decision making and navigation are achieved, and overall optimization can be achieved. The service vehicle and the unmanned vehicle are both in wireless communication with the digital agricultural system; the service vehicle receives the water source information, autonomously decides to provide services for the unmanned vehicle and takes water from the water source, and the efficiency is high. The unmanned aerial vehicle is provided with a plug and is connected with the mooring cable through the plug. The unmanned vehicle is provided with a cantilever crane, and the cantilever crane is provided with a socket. The mooring cable penetrates through the cantilever crane and is supported and guided so that the unmanned vehicle is connected with the unmanned aerial vehicle; the mooring cable controls and guides the plug of the unmanned aerial vehicle to be inserted into the socket or separated from the socket; the unmanned aerial vehicle is enabled to land on the cantilever crane or take off from the cantilever crane; safety and reliability are improved, disturbance to near-earth air and influence on pesticide drifting are reduced, and pollution and damage are avoided.