A method for calibrating the charging and discharging characteristics of a lithium battery, comprising: 1. Charging the lithium battery to be tested with a constant current, when the battery voltage reaches the rated maximum voltage, the charging ends, and according to the calculated electric quantity at the end of the charging, in the formula, t1 is the charging completion Time, i is the charging current, η is the battery efficiency coefficient, where η=ηT×ηt×ηi, ηT is the temperature influence coefficient, ηt is the aging coefficient, and ηi is the charge-discharge rate coefficient. When the lithium battery to be tested is discharged, when the real-time voltage reaches the rated minimum voltage, the discharge ends, and the maximum charge capacity Q2 is obtained according to the calculation. In the formula, i is the discharge current, t2 is the time when the discharge ends, and η is the battery efficiency coefficient. According to Q1 and Q2, the initial state of charge of the battery is calibrated and the charging voltage-SOC function curve is drawn. This calibration method is implemented in the provided charge and discharge characteristic calibration instrument. The calculation result of the method is accurate, and the application range is wide. The provided charging and discharging characteristic calibrating instrument has simple circuit, compact equipment and simple operation.