The invention discloses an inner field radiation type complex electromagnetic environment building method, and the method comprises the steps: taking a reasonably-configured anechoic chamber as a testing platform, and constructing complex electromagnetic environment signals through various types of signal simulators, wherein the parameters of signal simulators can set flexibly; irradiating target, interference, clutter and background environment electromagnetic signals to tested equipment through a radiation unit arranged in the anechoic chamber. The invention also discloses a simulation system, and the simulation system comprises the anechoic chamber, a control chamber, a signal chamber, a rotating table, a suspension mechanism, a background environment simulator, a signal simulator, a radiation array, a feed system, a moving vehicle, a rail, a discrete receiving and transmitting unit, a bandwidth receiver, a computer, and a control system. The method provides a high-efficiency, reliable, repeatable and high-cost-performance technological means for the complex electromagnetic environment effect testing of an electronic system. The method has great application values in shortening the development period of the electronic system, reducing the testing consumption and improving the battlefield survival capability of equipment.