The invention provides a vertical surveying instrument convenient to fix for geographical surveying and mapping, and relates to the technical field of geographical surveying and mapping devices. Upper limiting plates are fixedly arranged at the upper ends, located on one side wall of a surveying and mapping device, of side plates, middle limiting plates are fixedly arranged on the side plates, and lower limiting plates are fixedly arranged at the lower ends, located on one side wall of a fixing table, of the side plates. Limiting pieces are arranged between the upper limiting plates and the middle limiting plates on the corresponding sides, supporting threaded sleeves are arranged on the walls, away from one side of the surveying and mapping device, of the side plates on the left side and the right side, supporting threaded rods are inserted into the supporting threaded sleeves in a rotary connection mode through threads, and hanging rods are fixedly arranged on the side walls of the closed ends of the supporting threaded sleeves. The open ends of hanging rings are rotationally arranged at the ends, extending out of the supporting threaded sleeves, of the supporting threaded rods through rotating shafts, and the movable ends of the hanging rings movably sleeve the hanging rods. According to the surveying instrument, a large number of clamping structures are adopted, the surveying and mapping device can be clamped on the fixing table conveniently, the surveying and mapping device can be fixedly installed conveniently, meanwhile, limiting structures are arranged on the clamping structures, and the stability of the device during use is guaranteed.