The invention discloses a high-speed signal acquisition, storage and playback device based on FPGA. The device is composed of a signal conditioning circuit, a high-speed A / D conversion circuit, an FPGA processing unit, an SDRAM, a NAND FLASH storage array, a USB 2.0 communication unit and upper computer software. In an acquisition mode, after being processed by the signal conditioning circuit, an analog signal is converted into a digital signal by the high-speed A / D conversion circuit, and the FPGA processing unit caches the digital signal, carries out lossless compression by using an LZW algorithm and then writes into the NAND FLASH storage array. In the signal playback mode, the FPGA reads data from the NAND FLASH, the USB 2.0 communication unit sends the data to the upper computer, and the upper computer software receives and analyzes the data.