The vacuum-assisted breast biopsy rotary cutting system comprises a biopsy needle with an inner needle tube and an outer needle tube, a driving handle for outputting power at different positions to drive the inner needle tube or the outer needle tube to do mechanical movement, and a vacuum negative pressure device for providing required stable vacuum negative pressure for the biopsy needle. When the driving handle outputs power at the first position, the outer needle tube is driven to rotate, and the vacuum negative pressure is closed; when the power is output at the second position, the inner needle tube is driven to rotate and move to a set position, and the vacuum negative pressure is started according to a set vacuum negative pressure value; when the power is output at the third position, the inner needle tube is driven to only rotate at the set position, and the vacuum negative pressure is started according to the set vacuum negative pressure value; under the suction of the required stable vacuum negative pressure, focus tissues in different directions and in different sizes can be accurately cut and conveyed out of a body, liquid medicine / cleaning liquid can be released or blood / cleaning liquid can be sucked and removed at an operation point according to needs, and the effectiveness, safety and efficiency of a biopsy rotary cutting operation are improved.