The invention discloses a method, system, device and storage medium for detecting the anisotropic elastic constant of a material. The method includes: obtaining the deformation displacement and strain information of the material through the full-field strain measurement technology, and establishing multiple groups based on the characteristic function virtual field method. different virtual fields and analyze the deformation displacement and strain information based on the virtual fields, so as to finally detect the anisotropic elastic constant of the material. The system includes a measurement module, an acquisition module, a detection module, a processing module and a display module. The apparatus includes a memory for storing a program and a processor for loading the program to perform the method. By using the method of the invention, a plurality of mechanical parameters of the material can be obtained at one time, greatly reducing the investment in the cost of the material mechanical test, and improving the efficiency of staff in material analysis work. The invention can be widely used in the technical field of material detection.