The invention discloses a textile dust collecting device for a textile workshop. The textile dust collecting device comprises a box body, a driving bin and a dust removing bin are arranged in the boxbody, an angle adjusting mechanism and a negative pressure mechanism are arranged in the driving bin, and a dust falling mechanism is arranged in the dust removing bin. By arranging the angle adjusting mechanism, angle adjustment of a dust collecting cover is achieved, and the dust collecting range is enlarged; by arranging the negative pressure mechanism, a sliding rod drives a piston plate to reciprocate while reciprocating left and right, negative pressure is generated at a cover opening of the dust collecting cover through movement of the piston plate, dust collection is conducted on the surrounding environment through an air guide pipe, an induced draft fan does not need to be additionally arranged, and the production cost is reduced; textile dust sucked into the dust removing bin issubjected to efficient dust falling by arranging the dust falling mechanism; and impurities such as the dust and cotton fibers are filtered by arranging a filter screen, filtered clear water flows into a water tank again, cyclic utilization of water is achieved, and water resources are saved.