The invention discloses a three-dimensional reconstruction method based on texture-coded images, which includes: step 1, projecting a color-coded image generated by M-array coding onto an object to be measured, and using a camera to photograph the region to be measured to obtain left and right images. In step 2, the target area is extracted based on the Hough circle detection method and the principle of perspective transformation, so as to avoid the influence of environmental debris on the projection area. Step 3, image enhancement based on color migration technology and color recognition preprocessing, converting the color information of the image into code values. Step 4, direct decoding for M-array encoding method to obtain matching point pairs. Step 5, using the obtained point pairs with the same name, perform 3D reconstruction based on the principle of stereo vision, and obtain the 3D coordinates of the spatial points corresponding to the 2D points. The present invention combines spatial codec and binocular vision structured light three-dimensional reconstruction technology to improve the speed and accuracy of three-dimensional reconstruction, and provides a new idea for high-efficiency three-dimensional reconstruction under the premise of maintaining a high degree of simulation.