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An improved pulse oximeter provides for simultaneous, noninvasive oxygen status and photoplethysmograph measurements at both single and multiple sites. In particular, this multiple-site, multiple-parameter pulse oximeter, or “stereo pulse oximeter” simultaneously measures both arterial and venous oxygen saturation at any specific site and generates a corresponding plethysmograph waveform. A corresponding computation of arterial minus venous oxygen saturation is particularly advantageous for oxygen therapy management. An active pulse-inducing mechanism having a scattering-limited drive generates a consistent pulsatile venous signal utilized for the venous blood measurements. The stereo pulse oximeter also measures arterial oxygen saturation and plethysmograph shape parameters across multiple sites. A corresponding calculation of delta arterial saturation and comparison of plethysmograph shape parameters between multiple sites is particularly advantageous for the detection and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates (PPHN), a patent ductus arteriosis (PDA), and aortic coarctation.

An apparatus for providing flexible text based language identification includes an alphabet scoring element, an n-gram frequency element and a processing element. The alphabet scoring element may be configured to receive an entry in a computer readable text format and to calculate an alphabet score of the entry for each of a plurality of languages. The n-gram frequency element may be configured to calculate an n-gram frequency score of the entry for each of the plurality of languages. The processing element may be in communication with the n-gram frequency element and the alphabet scoring element. The processing element may also be configured to determine a language associated with the entry based on a combination of the alphabet score and the n-gram frequency score.

A solid-state imaging apparatus includes an image pick-up section in which photosensitive devices are arranged in, e.g., a honeycomb G square lattice, RB full-checker pattern due to shifted pixels. Regions void of the photosensitive devices are assumed to be virtual photosensitive devices. A signal processing section generates data for the virtual photosensitive devices by using the data of surrounding photosensitive devices while attaching importance to accurate color reproduction and horizontal and / or vertical resolution. As a result, the number of pixel data are increased in a square lattice arrangement. Therefore, high quality image signals are readily achievable with a smaller number of photosensitive devices than conventional with a conventional apparatus. Interpolation can be executed with the high quality signals to the limit of resolution with an adequate circuit scale. The honeycomb arrangement guarantees the required size of the individual pixel and thereby the sensitivity of the entire apparatus while increasing yield on a production line. False colors particular to a single photosensitive portion can be reduced by, e.g., uniform interpolation. Particularly, when a digital camera is constructed by using an imaging apparatus including optics operable with a silver halide sensitive type of film, false colors can be reduced without resorting to an optical low pass filter.

A neural network simulation represents components of neurons by finite state machines, called sectors, implemented using look-up tables. Each sector has an internal state represented by a compressed history of data input to the sector and is factorized into distinct historical time intervals of the data input. The compressed history of data input to the sector may be computed by compressing the data input to the sector during a time interval, storing the compressed history of data input to the sector in memory, and computing from the stored compressed history of data input to the sector the data output from the sector.

The magnetic tape has a timing base servo pattern on the magnetic layer, wherein the centerline average surface roughness Ra on the surface of the magnetic layer is less than or equal to 1.8 nm, the magnetic layer contains a fatty acid ester, the full width at half maximum of spacing distribution measured by optical interferometry on the surface of the magnetic layer before and after vacuum heating the magnetic tape is greater than 0 nm but less than or equal to 7.0 nm, the difference of spacing measured by optical interferometry on the surface of the magnetic layer after and before vacuum heating the magnetic tape is greater than 0 nm but less than or equal to 8.0 nm.

The magnetic tape includes a magnetic layer having ferromagnetic powder and a binder on a non-magnetic support, in which the magnetic layer includes a timing-based servo pattern, the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder having an activation volume equal to or smaller than 1,600 nm3, and an edge shape of the timing-based servo pattern specified by a magnetic force microscope observation is a shape in which a difference (l99.9−l0.1) between a value l99.9 of a cumulative frequency function of 99.9% of a position deviation width from an ideal shape in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape and a value l0.1 of the cumulative frequency function of 0.1% thereof is equal to or smaller than 180 nm.

Provided is a magnetic tape device in which a magnetic tape transportation speed is equal to or lower than 18 m / sec, Ra measured regarding a surface of a magnetic layer of a magnetic tape is equal to or smaller than 2.0 nm, a C-H derived C concentration calculated from a C-H peak area ratio of C1s spectra obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis performed on the surface of the magnetic layer at a photoelectron take-off angle of 10 degrees is 45 to 65 atom %, and ΔSFD (=SFD25° C.−SFD−190° C.) in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape is equal to or smaller than 0.50, with the SFD25° C. being SFD measured in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape at a temperature of 25° C., and the SFD−190° C. being SFD measured at a temperature of −190° C.

The magnetic tape device includes a magnetic tape; and a servo head, in which the servo head is a TMR head, the magnetic tape includes a servo pattern in the magnetic layer, a center line average surface roughness Ra measured regarding a surface of the magnetic layer is equal to or smaller than 2.0 nm, a logarithmic decrement acquired by a pendulum viscoelasticity test performed regarding the surface of the magnetic layer is equal to or smaller than 0.050, and a ratio (Sdc / Sac) of an average area Sdc of a magnetic cluster of the magnetic tape in a DC demagnetization state and an average area Sac of a magnetic cluster thereof in an AC demagnetization state measured with a magnetic force microscope is 0.80 to 1.30.

The magnetic tape device includes: a magnetic tape; and a servo head, in which the servo head is a TMR head, the magnetic tape includes a non-magnetic support, and a magnetic layer including ferromagnetic powder, a binding agent, and fatty acid ester on the non-magnetic support, the magnetic layer includes a servo pattern, full widths at half maximum of spacing distribution measured by optical interferometry regarding a surface of the magnetic layer before and after performing a vacuum heating with respect to the magnetic tape are greater than 0 nm and equal to or smaller than 7.0 nm, and a difference between a spacing measured by optical interferometry regarding the surface of the magnetic layer after performing the vacuum heating with respect to the magnetic tape and a spacing measured before performing the vacuum heating is greater than 0 nm and equal to or smaller than 9.0 nm.

The magnetic tape includes a magnetic layer having ferromagnetic powder and a binder on a non-magnetic support, in which the magnetic layer includes a timing-based servo pattern, the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder having an activation volume equal to or smaller than 1,600 nm3, and an edge shape of the timing-based servo pattern specified by a magnetic force microscope observation is a shape in which a difference (l99.9−l0.1) between a value l99.9 of a cumulative frequency function of 99.9% of a position deviation width from an ideal shape in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape and a value l0.1 of the cumulative frequency function of 0.1% thereof is equal to or smaller than 180 nm.

An isolation system is provided that is suitable for use in telephony, medical instrumentation, industrial process control and other applications. Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise a capacitive isolation barrier across which a digital signal is communicated. The system provides a means of communication across the isolation barrier that is highly immune to amplitude and phase noise interference. Clock recovery circuitry may be employed on one side of the isolation barrier to extract timing information from the digital signal communicated across the barrier, and to filter the effects of phase noise introduced at the barrier. Delta-sigma converters may be disposed on both sides of the isolation barrier to convert signals between analog and digital domains. An isolated power supply may also be provided on the isolated side of the barrier, whereby direct current is generated in response to the digital data received across the isolation barrier. A bidirectional isolation system is provided whereby bidirectional communication of digital signals is accomplished using a single pair of isolation capacitors. In preferred embodiments, the digital data communicated across the barrier consists of digital delta-sigma data signals multiplexed in time with other digital control, signaling and framing information. Finally, the isolation system may include a pulse transformer to accommodate ADSL circuitry, whereby power is transmitted through the pulse transformer.

The magnetic tape device includes a TMR head (servo head); and a magnetic tape, in which a magnetic layer of the magnetic tape includes fatty acid ester, Ra measured regarding a surface of the magnetic layer is equal to or smaller than 2.0 nm, full widths at half maximum of spacing distribution measured by optical interferometry regarding a surface of the magnetic layer before and after performing a vacuum heating with respect to the magnetic tape are greater than 0 nm and equal to or smaller than 7.0 nm, a difference between spacings before and after the vacuum heating is greater than 0 nm and equal to or smaller than 8.0 nm, and ΔSFD (=SFD25° C.−SFD−#° C.) in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape is equal to or smaller than 0.50.

Provided is a magnetic tape device in which a magnetic tape transportation speed is equal to or lower than 18 m / sec, Ra measured regarding a surface of a magnetic layer of a magnetic tape is equal to or smaller than 2.0 nm, a C—H derived C concentration calculated from a C—H peak area ratio of C1s spectra obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis performed on the surface of the magnetic layer at a photoelectron take-off angle of 10 degrees is 45 to 65 atom %, and ΔSFD (=SFD25°C.−SFD−190° C.) in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape is equal to or smaller than 0.50, with the SFD25° C. being SFD measured in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape at a temperature of 25° C., and the SFD−190° C. being SFD measured at a temperature of −190° C.