The invention provides a transmission type self-focusing single-stage
diffraction grating which comprises two primitives: namely, rectangular holes and long rectangular strips, wherein the two primitives have the same width and different lengths; each long rectangular strip is tens to hundreds of times as long as each rectangular hole; in the
diffraction direction perpendicular to the
grating, the adjacent rectangular holes and the adjacent long rectangular strips are tightly stacked together; in the
diffraction direction, the rectangular holes and the long rectangular strips are randomly arranged on the surface of a
grating substrate according to respective distribution rules; in a stacked region of the rectangular holes and the long rectangular strips, the multiplicative relationship of two-dimensional transmission functions of the two is met. The transmission type self-focusing single-stage
diffraction grating only comprises 0 and + / -1 stage diffractions so as to effectively eliminate the influence of higher
harmonics on the spectrum, has a focal plane perpendicular to the grating plane, for focusing photons with different energies, integrates the light splitting, focusing, high-
harmonic restraining and other characteristics, has the diffraction
modes different from an ordinary grating, and is a composite optical element.