The invention discloses a hand-eye calibration system and a calibration method for a line structured light sensor, and relates to the technical field of visual calibration. The device of the invention includes a robot, a line structured light sensor, an end tool and a tapered target. The method of the present invention includes the following steps: S1, the mobile robot aligns the tip of the end tool with the cone tip of the tapered target, and records the spatial coordinates of the tip of the end tool; S2, the mobile robot measures and records the measurement cone of the line structured light sensor The coordinates of the tip position, record the spatial coordinates of the tip of the end tool when the cone tip is located on the light plane of the line structured light; S3, move the robot, repeat step S2, and collect at least 4 sets of calibration point coordinates within the measurement range of the line structured light sensor data; S4. Using multiple sets of calibration point coordinate data, establish a least squares equation constrained by the calibration point coordinates, and calculate the hand-eye calibration transformation matrix. The calibration system of the invention is simple and easy to obtain, and the method of the invention has high precision and high efficiency.