The invention relates to a power-on and power-off control system of a pure electric heavy truck. The power-on and power-off control system comprises a chassis distribution box, a cab distribution box,a vehicle control unit, a key switch, a main switch, relays, a motor controller, a high-voltage distribution box and a four-in-one controller. In a whole vehicle power-on process, power-on of all high-voltage controllers is managed by the vehicle control unit in a unified mode, time sequence judgment of all the controllers is not needed, and an effect that the vehicle control unit serves as a whole vehicle brain is achieved. In the power-off process of the whole vehicle, a low-voltage power supply is controlled in the mode that the vehicle control unit controls the relays, and normal work before the relays in all the high-voltage controllers are disconnected is guaranteed. A problem that each high-voltage controller has no low-voltage power supply and cannot communicate after a key door is closed is avoided; and when an ON gear of the key door is suddenly powered off, the situation that each high-voltage controller is accidentally powered off is avoided, and a development period of the controller is shortened.