106results about How to "Suppresses image defects" patented technology

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained by providing, on a conductive support, a conductive layer containing conductive particles having a volume-average particle diameter of 0.1 μm or more, an intermediate layer, and a photosensitive layer in the stated order in which the conductive layer contains a polyolefin resin containing a specific repeating structural unit at a specific ratio, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a photosensitive layer and a surface layer laminated on a conductive substrate in this order, wherein the surface layer contains a group 13 element and oxygen, and absorption peak intensities showing bonds other than a bond between the group 13 element and oxygen are 0.1 times or less of an absorption peak intensity showing a bond between the group 13 element and oxygen in an infrared absorption spectrum in a range of 4000 cm<-1 >to 400 cm<-1>, is provided.

An image forming apparatus has a photoconductive member on which a latent image is to be formed, a developing roller for developing the latent image on the photoconductive member by a first bias. A magnetic roller forms a magnetic brush thereon with a two-component developer and forms a thin toner layer on the developing roller by a second bias. The developing roller is aluminum with a surface treated for high resistance. The thickness (T) of the toner layer and the duty ratio (D1) of the first alternating-current bias satisfy relationships of the following equations for calculating the duty ratio (D1) using an application period of a voltage in a direction to transfer the toner from the developing roller towards the photoconductive member as a positive period:7 μm≦T≦13 μm, and35%≦D1≦70%.

A solid-state imaging device includes: a plurality of N-type photodiode regions formed inside a P-type well; a gate electrode having one edge being positioned adjacent to each of the photodiode regions; a N-type drain region positioned adjacent to the other edge of the gate electrode; an element-isolating portion having a STI structure, and a gate oxide film having a thickness of not more than 10 nm. One edge of the gate electrode overlaps the photodiode region. First, second and third regions are formed on a surface portion extending from the photodiode region to the drain region, in conditions such that the first region is disposed with a predetermined distance from one edge of the gate electrode and has a P-type first concentration C1, the second region is disposed with one edge positioned adjacent to the first region and the other edge overlapping the gate electrode and has a P-type second concentration C2, and the third region is disposed with one edge positioned adjacent to the second region and the other edge positioned adjacent to the drain region and has a P-type third concentration C3, wherein C1>C2>C3 or C1≈C2>C3. The readout characteristic at a low voltage is satisfactory, and image defects such as white flaws and dark current are suppressed sufficiently.

The invention provides a transfer device and an image forming apparatus including the same. The transfer device includes a plurality of transfer members and a switch section. The switch section, in a first state, causes the transfer members to be pressed against a plurality of image bearing members. The switch section, in a second state, causes a transfer member opposed to a first image bearing member to be pressed against the first image bearing member, and causes a transfer member opposed to a second image bearing member to be separated from the second image bearing member. In the first state, toner images of different colors are transferred from the image bearing members to an intermediate transfer belt and superimposed together. In the second state, a single-color toner image is transferred from the first image bearing member to the intermediate transfer belt. The switch section changes a pressing force of the transfer member to the first image bearing member between the first and second states.

An image forming apparatus has a photoconductive member, and a developing roller develops a latent image on the photoconductive member by a first alternating-current bias in the form of a rectangular wave. The following relationships are satisfied in calculating the duty ratio (D1) of the first alternating-current bias using an application period of voltage in a direction to transfer the toner from the developing roller towards the photoconductive member as a positive period:a CV value in the number particle size distribution of the toner is ≦25%,4 μm≦Dt≦7 μm,105 Ω·cm≦pv≦109 Ω·cm,0.4 μm≦Ra≦1.5 μm, and35%≦D1≦75%.where Dt denotes the volume average particle diameter of the toner, pv denotes the intrinsic resistance value of a developing roller surface, Ra denotes the arithmetic average roughness of the developing roller surface.

A toner comprising an external additive A, and a toner particle containing a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the external additive A: i) is an external additive that has a charge control agent on the surface thereof; ii) has a wall friction angle θ calculated from the following formula (1) of not more than 25.0°θ=τ / 5.0  formula (1);iii) has a number-average particle diameter (D1) of primary particles of at least 70 nm and not more than 500 nm; and iv) has a solidity as given by the following formula (2) of at least 0.40 and not more than 0.90solidity=area of external additive A / area of region encompassed by envelope for external additive A   formula (2).

A radiation image detector includes: a photoconductive layer that generates electric charges when irradiated by recording electromagnetic waves which have passed through an electrode layer; and detecting electrodes, for detecting signals corresponding to the electric charges generated in the photoconductive layer. The radiation image detector further includes: dielectrics that cover the edges of the detecting electrodes, the edges being the side surfaces and portions of surfaces continuous with the side surfaces of the detecting electrodes, that face the photoconductive layer; and a charge injection preventing layer, which is a conductor with respect to electric charges of the same polarity as the electric charges accumulated during recording of the image information, and an insulator with respect to electric charges of the opposite polarity from the accumulated electric charges, provided to cover at least the surfaces of the detecting electrodes that face the photoconductive layer which are not covered by the dielectric.

An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member, having a capacitance per unit area of 1.7×10−6 (F / m2) or larger, an exposure device, which exposes the photosensitive member in order to form thereon an electrostatic image according to image information, a developing device, which develops the electrostatic image with a toner to form a toner image on the photosensitive member, and a transfer device, which transfers the toner image onto a recording material. In forming a solid toner image on the recording material, the exposure device is capable of forming electrostatic images of different potential levels on the photosensitive member, thereby forming toner images of different toner heights on the photosensitive member.