The invention provides a high-automation double-column X-ray photographing system and an X-ray photographing method, and belongs to the field of medical equipment. The photographing system comprises a ray emitting device, an emitting device fixing base, a ray receiving device, a receiving device fixing base, a pedestal, a bed, a horizontal track, a first vertical track, a second vertical track, a first driving device, a second driving device, a first infrared measuring device and a controller. The first infrared measuring device can automatically measure the height of a patient and send the height information to the controller; according to the height information, the controller controls the first driving device to drive the receiving device fixing base to move on the first vertical track so that the receiving device fixing base can be flush with the chest of the patient, and meanwhile the controller controls the second driving device so that the ray emitting device can be aligned with the ray receiving device. According to the photographing system, the positions of the ray emitting device and the ray receiving device can be automatically adjusted, so that the work intensity of doctors is relieved, and the photographing efficiency is improved; besides, the position adjusting precision is improved, and human errors are avoided.