The invention discloses a retarder disassembling and assembling device and method. The disassembling and assembling device comprises a split disassembling and assembling mechanism, a pre-assembling mechanism and an overall disassembling and assembling mechanism, wherein the overall disassembling and assembling mechanism comprises a clamp holder, a first support, a sliding support and a screwing assembly; and the pre-assembling mechanism comprises a second support, a guide rod, a positioning plate and a press-fitting assembly. The disassembling and assembling method comprises the following steps of I, disassembly of a retarder: 101, disassembling an oil cylinder body and a piston rod assembly by using the overall disassembling and assembling mechanism; 102, disassembling the piston rod assembly through the split disassembling and assembling mechanism; and II, assembling of the retarder: 201, assembling the piston rod assembly by using the split disassembling and assembling mechanism; 202, pre-assembling the retarder by using the pre-assembling mechanism; and 203, conducting final assembling of the retarder through the overall disassembling and assembling mechanism. According to the retarder disassembling and assembling device and method, the indoor maintenance level of the retarder can be improved, the labor intensity can be greatly reduced, the maintenance quality of the retarder can be ensured, and the equipment quality problem caused by human factors can be avoided.