The present invention generally relates to the transdermal delivery of substances and, in some embodiments, to the transdermal delivery of beneficial substances by a hostile biophysical environment. In one aspect, various methods for the transdermal delivery of beneficial substances are disclosed. By creating a hostile biophysical environment, beneficial substances may be delivered, according to certain embodiments, through the
stratum corneum of the
skin into the body. Beneficial substances include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutical agents, drugs, vitamins, co-factors, peptides, dietary supplements, and others. The beneficial effects disclosed include, for instance, relief of pain and
inflammation, prevention and healing of ulcers of the
skin, relief of headache, improved
sexual function and enjoyment, growth of hair on the
scalp, improving
muscle size and / or function, removing body fat and / or
cellulite, treating
cancer, treating viral infections and others. A hostile biophysical environment may also be used in conjunction with systems and methods for increasing local
blood flow, according to one set of embodiments. For example, by using a
nitric oxide donor such as L-
arginine, local
blood flow may be increased, e.g., by transdermally delivering the
nitric oxide precursor. The
nitric oxide donor may be the sole cause of
increased blood flow, or it may be supplemented with an adjunct such as
theophylline.