The invention relates to a vehicle object multi-level knowledge dictionary construction method for monitoring video compression, which is used for expressing and compressing objects in a monitoring video, and comprises the following steps of extracting texture layer knowledge which comprises common textures of different types of vehicles in a multi-source monitoring video, and modeling the texturelayer knowledge by using a texture dictionary; extracting structural layer knowledge which comprises a common structure of the same type of vehicles, and modeling the structural layer knowledge by using a three-dimensional model; and extracting the personalized layer knowledge, wherein the personalized layer knowledge comprises transient knowledge that a certain vehicle individual keeps stable for a period of time, and using a residual dictionary to model the vehicle individual. According to the method, the multi-level knowledge dictionary of the object is established from the three levels ofthe texture layer, the structure layer and the personality layer, the appearance of the moving object in the image in the complex environment can be better expressed, the information such as edge details is richer, the tracking recognition efficiency of the monitored vehicle can be improved, and the method can be widely applied to the aspects of intelligent transportation and the like.