The invention discloses a diabetic retinopathy detection system based on serial structure segmentation. wherein the fundus image acquisition device is used for acquiring a retina fundus image; the data processing device is used for analyzing and processing the acquired fundus image; A data processing apparatus includes: a data processor; Preprocessing function module, Blood vessel segmentation function module, Visual disc segmentation function module, Centrally recessed determination function module, Exudation segmentation function module, and the statistical calculation function module and the doctor diagnosis function module. The data processing device is used for counting the exudation area and calculating the probability of diabetic macular edema lesions in the input fundus image, andfinally, a final diagnosis and treatment scheme is given by combining a statistical calculation result and the fundus doctor according to the divided exudation area and disease probability and combining with the specialty of the fundus doctor. Various related physiological structures of the fundus are systematically considered, a lesion area is segmented, then a diagnosis report is given by a fundus doctor, detection is efficient, lesion detection is more accurate, the workload of the doctor can be greatly reduced, and the working efficiency is improved.