Controlling zoonotic disease vectors from insects and arthropods using preconidial mycelium and extracts of preconidial mycelium from entomopathogenic fungi

Abstract

The present invention utilizes extracts of the pre-sporulation (preconidial) mycelial stage of entomopathogenic fungi as insect and arthropod attractants and / or pathogens and can be employed to limit the zoonotic diseases they transmit. The fungus can be cultivated on grain, wood, agricultural wastes or other cellulosic material and extracts can be made thereof. More than one fungus and substrate can be used in combination with one or more antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, and genetically modified agents that result in reduced spread of contagions and lessens the damage they inflict on animals, and plants.

Description

[0001]This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13 / 066,566, filed Apr. 18, 2011, currently co-pending, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 288,535, filed Oct. 20, 2008 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,951,389), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10 / 853,059, filed May 24, 2004, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 969,456, filed Oct. 1, 2001 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,122,176), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09 / 678,141, filed Oct. 4, 2000 (now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,290). This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12 / 284,646, filed Sep. 24, 2008, currently co-pending, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60 / 994,972, filed Sep. 24, 2007 and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11 / 728,613, filed Mar. 27, 2007, which is a contin...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0036]The present invention offers a unique approach to zoonotic disease control by attracting insects or arthropods that contact or ingest “preconidial” mycelium of entomopathogenic fungi (that is, mycelium in a developmental state prior to conidia or spore formation) which is also combined with any pest or disease controlling mechanism, another drug, plant derived medicine, pharmaceutical, hormone disrupter, attenuation gene, bacteriophage, or fungus or fungi possessing antimicrobial or anti-viral properties that results in arresting movements by such insects or arthropod while limiting the populations and pathogenicity of their carrier diseases.

[0038]Such preconidial mycelium of entomopathogenic fungi may be used solely as an attractant (either as an attractant for pest insects or as an attractant for beneficial insects) or as an attractant and pathogen where the preconidial mycelium is both the attractant and the pathogenic agent. Additionally, whence the insects or arthropods make contact with the preconidial entomopathogenic mycelium there is the added advantage of improving the restricting of disease transmission by having another control technology in the same locale.

[0039]Where attractant mycopesticidal strains are utilized with insects, the infected insects carrying the fungal hyphae become a vector back into population, further dispersing the antimicrobial mycelium. The preconidial mycopesticidal mycelium can grow within or upon an insect, can be carried to another insect when they touch, or can grow upon organic debris allowing subsequent insect infestation from simple contact. Moreover, some insects will become immunocompromised from contact with Metarhizium based products, and the resultant lowered immunity allows for other pathogenic fungi to infect the now weakened insect. This secondary infectious suite of organisms can be more virulent than the Metarhizium itself. All these modes of action result in lowering the bio-burden and the pathogenic payloads that these zoonotic disease-bearing insects harbor. Multiple avenues of growth and infection are provided and could be further enhanced if the addition of conidia from entomopathogenic fungi were deployed, as part of the composition of insect control.

[0041]The end-user facilitates opening the package and placing the exposed mycelia contents in the vicinity of recent pest activity. For use as an attractant, extracts of the preconidial mycelium may also be utilized. It is envisioned that the fungal attractants and / or pesticides may be used in conjunction with any type of appropriate trap or attractant disseminator or delivery system as is known to the art.

[0043]The present invention thus provides improved products and methods wherein the fungal mycelium acts as food and attractant and / or as an ingested or contact insecticide, palatable enough that insects will readily consume it even in the presence of competing food sources, or otherwise repellent materials, with high recruitment of other insects among insects that exhibit such behavior. This results in multiple visits to a highly attractive (and potentially virulent) food, thereby providing numerous individual insect and / or colony vectors of inoculation.

[0044]The present invention further provides these and other advantages with improved control of insect pests using fungal compositions (mycopesticides and mycoattractants) having strong attractant properties and placing these attractant preconidial fungi in or around an object or area to be protected. The present invention also provides insecticidal foods and baits that utilize, as a toxicant, relatively innocuous and naturally occurring materials as the active agent, so as to control insects carrying zoonotic diseases without undue effect on the ecology. Alternatively, the present invention provides attractants that can be utilized with bio-control agents, environmentally benign biopesticides, chemical control agents including insect toxicants and pesticides, human modified organisms, viruses and bacteriophages, physical control agents such as mechanical and electrical devices and combinations thereof. It is to be expected that the number of sub-inventions and applications obvious to those skilled in the relevant arts is limited only by imagination and time, and any such derivative inventions and applications should be considered to be part of the invention disclosed herein. New zoonotic diseases and new disease controlling technologies will emerge and the inventions described herein are likely to enhance many future technologies.

Problems solved by technology

Diseases emanating from ecologically distressed and polluted environments increasingly threaten animals and plants.

With deforestation, habitat destruction, decline in water quality, decreases in biodiversity, all of which are exacerbated by global climate change and human impacts, zoonotic diseases are increasingly a threat to healthy environments and their inhabitants, especially animal populations, including humans and their livestock.

Since many of these bite humans and livestock, as well as damage plants, they transmit a wide variety of diseases, many of which result in billions of dollars worth of damage to economies worldwide.

Some of these insect pests not only cause tremendous losses in terms of direct destruction of crops, livestock, and human dwellings, they are also vectors for pathogens including protozoa, round worms, bacteria, and viruses that cause devastating human health problems.

The negative physical, mental, economic, social, and ecological implications of disease carrying pest insects and arthropods are difficult to quantify since their effects are wide-ranging and multidimensional.

As ecosystems in which humans dwell are harmed, water is polluted, sanitation hurdles mount, toxins are accumulated, and food scarcity increases, animals (including humans) become much more susceptible to infection from pathogen-carrying insects and arthropods as their innate immune systems are weakened.

Chemical pesticides, antibiotics, and vaccinations are notoriously ineffective against long-term exposure to populations of rapidly evolving organisms.

For instance, Pharaoh ants (Monomorium pharaonis and related species) are known as vectors to more than dozen pathogenic bacteria, including Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp., and are especially dangerous to burn victims recovering in hospital environments.

Although we have identified many diseases mosquitoes carry, we are unlikely to have identified them all.

Mosquitoes also inject protozoa into humans, including malaria (Plasmodium falciparum), which still results in millions of deaths per year worldwide.

Control measures have included the use of chemical pesticides such as DDT™ and Deltamethrin™; however, their recurrent and prolonged use stimulates resistance.

Even the use of pesticide impregnated mosquito nets, which have been initially effective at reducing malaria infection, are not a long-term solution.

The researchers argue that the initial effectiveness of the bed nets reduced the amount of immunity that people acquire through exposure to mosquito bites.

Combined with resurgence in resistant insects, there was a rapid rebound in infection rates.

Tsetse fly carries the protozoan Trypanosoma causing often-fatal ‘sleeping sickness’).

Removing all the insects from an ecosystem would likely result in unforeseen consequences, beyond that which is readily obvious.

Moreover, since Metarhizium species are natural parasites of mosquitoes, the natural genome of this and other entomopathogenic fungi offer sources of ever-evolving libraries of new strains, making resistance much more unlikely compared to chemical pesticides.

The ever-so-common housefly can carry bird flu viruses, and potentially re-infect chickens and other poultry that eat flies regularly.

As symptoms of bird flu infection may not be evident for a few days, and yet the animals can be infectious, factory farms, and in particular slaughter houses (where blow flies feed on cadavers and also make contact with living animals) can be a serious, although largely unpublicized threat to public health.

The resultant consequences of a population's lowered immunity can also degrade the overall population's immunological defenses against cancers.

Conversely, those already suffering from cancer, or have compromised immune systems due to other diseases, are more susceptible to infection.