Compositions for enhanced epithelial permeation of peptide yy for treating obesity

Abstract

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising PYY(3-36), a cyclodextrin, and a compound selected from phosphatidylcholine or diglyceride, wherein the PYY(3-36) is present in an amount effective to alleviate one or more symptom(s) of obesity in a subject, and the cyclodextrin and the compound selected from phosphatidylcholine or diglyceride are present in an amount sufficient to enhance epithelial permeation.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a divisional claiming the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10 / 322,266, filed Dec. 17, 2002; the contents of this application are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] A major disadvantage of drug administration by injection is that trained personnel are often required to administer the drug. For self-administered drugs, many patients are reluctant or unable to give themselves injections on a regular basis. Injection is also associated with increased risks of infection. Other disadvantages of drug injection include variability of delivery results between individuals, as well as unpredictable intensity and duration of drug action. [0003] Despite these noted disadvantages, injection remains the only approved delivery mode for a large assemblage of important therapeutic compounds. These include conventional drugs, as well as a rapidly expandin...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0029] The present invention fulfills the foregoing needs and satisfies additional objects and advantages by providing novel, effective methods and compositions for intranasal delivery of peptide YY yielding improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results. In certain aspects of the invention, the peptide YY is delivered to the intranasal mucosa along with one or more intranasal delivery-enhancing agent(s) to yield substantially increased absorption and / or bioavailability of the peptide YY and / or a substantially decreased time to maximal concentration of peptide YY in a tissue or other target site of a mammalian subject as compared to controls (e.g., where the peptide YY is administered to the same intranasal site alone or formulated according to previously disclosed reports).

[0030] The enhancement of intranasal delivery of peptide YY according to the methods and compositions of the invention allows for the effective pharmaceutical use of these agents to treat a variety of diseases and conditions in mammalian subjects.

[0031] Briefly, the methods and compositions of the invention provide for enhanced delivery of peptide YY across nasal mucosal barriers to reach novel target sites for drug action yielding an enhanced, therapeutically effective rate or concentration of delivery. In certain aspects, employment of one or more intranasal delivery-enhancing agents facilitates the effective delivery of a peptide YY to a targeted, extracellular or cellular compartment, for example the systemic circulation, a selected cell population, tissue or organ. Exemplary targets for enhanced delivery in this context are target physiological compartments, tissues, organs and fluids (e.g., within the blood serum, central nervous system (CNS) or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) or selected tissues or cells of the liver, bone, muscle, cartilage, pituitary, hypothalamus, kidney, lung, heart, testes, skin, or peripheral nervous system.

Problems solved by technology

A major disadvantage of drug administration by injection is that trained personnel are often required to administer the drug.

For self-administered drugs, many patients are reluctant or unable to give themselves injections on a regular basis.

Injection is also associated with increased risks of infection.

Other disadvantages of drug injection include variability of delivery results between individuals, as well as unpredictable intensity and duration of drug action.

Delivery of these compounds via alternate routes of administration, for example, oral, nasal and other mucosal routes, often yields variable results and adverse side effects, and fails to provide suitable bioavailability.

For macromolecular species in particular, especially peptide and protein therapeutics, alternate routes of administration are limited by susceptibility to inactivation and poor absorption across mucosal barriers.

However, mucosal delivery of biologically active agents is limited by mucosal barrier functions and other factors.

Other therapeutic compounds, including large molecule drugs, peptides and proteins, are often refractory to mucosal delivery.

Peptides and proteins are poorly lipid soluble, and hence exhibit poor absorption characteristics across mucosal surfaces.

In addition to their poor intrinsic permeability, large macromolecular drugs, including proteins and peptides, are often subject to limited diffusion, as well as lumenal and cellular enzymatic degradation and rapid clearance at mucosal sites.

Mucosal tissues provide a substantial barrier to the free diffusion of macromolecules, while enzymatic activities present in mucosal secretions can severely limit the bioavailability of therapeutic agents, particularly peptides and proteins.

While many penetration enhancing methods and additives have been reported to be effective in improving mucosal drug delivery, few penetration enhanced products have been developed and approved for mucosal delivery of drugs.

This failure can be attributed to a variety of factors, including poor safety profiles relating to mucosal irritation, and undesirable disruption of mucosal barrier functions.

However, the potential mechanisms that link signaling associated with meal ingestion with these hypothalamic-feeding circuits are unclear.

Further studies in Diabetic Fatty Zucker (ZDF) rats demonstrated that continuous infusion of PYY3-36 decreased food consumption and improved glycemic control, without decreasing body weight gain, but those observations did not account for caloric redistribution due to treatment-related changes in glycosuria.

Obesity and its associated disorders are common and very serious public health problems in the United States and throughout the world.

It reduces life-span and carries a serious risk of co-morbidities above, as well disorders such as infections, varicose veins, acanthosis nigricans, eczema, exercise intolerance, insulin resistance, hypertension hypercholesterolemia, cholelithiasis, orthopedic injury, and thromboembolic disease.

The pathogenesis of obesity is believed to be multifactorial but the basic problem is that in obese subjects nutrient availability and energy expenditure do not come into balance until there is excess adipose tissue.

Obesity is currently a poorly treatable, chronic, essentially intractable metabolic disorder.

Notably, there are no previous descriptions that demonstrate a therapeutically effective nasal formulation or method for administering peptide YY for any of the foregoing diseases and conditions.

Previous attempts to successfully deliver peptide YY for therapeutic purposes have suffered from a number of important and confounding deficiencies.