The invention discloses a prestress loading device of an internal support system for foundation pit supporting. The prestress loading device comprises a jack and a connecting component, wherein the connecting component comprises a loading seat, a screw nut, a screw rod and a screw rod base, a groove for placing the jack is formed in the loading seat, a screw rod insertion hole is formed in one side of the groove, the screw rod is inserted in the screw rod insertion hole, a connecting flange A is arranged at the side, opposite to the screw rod insertion hole, of the loading seat, the jack is placed in the groove, a jacking rod of the jack is inserted in the screw rod insertion hole and is abutted against one end of the screw rod, the other end of the screw rod is fixedly connected with the screw rod base, and a connecting flange B is arranged at the side, opposite to the connected screw rod, of the screw rod base and can be in threaded connection with the screw nut, abutted against the loading seat, at a portion outside the screw rod insertion hole of the screw rod. According to the prestress loading device of the internal support system for the foundation pit supporting, prestress is applied to an entire supporting structure, so that the overall strength of the support system is improved; the disassembly is convenient, and the prestress loading device can be repeatedly used, so that the aims of reducing the construction cost and facilitating the construction are reached.