The present invention discloses a desulfurization catalyst, which contains, by weight, 5-35% of a silica source, 5-35% of alumina, 30-70% of zinc oxide, 2-15% of lead oxide, and 5-30% of an active metal, wherein at least part of the lead oxide exists in the form for forming the zinc lead solid solution represented by a general formula PbxZn1-xO with the zinc oxide, x is more than 0 and is less than or equal to 0.12, x represents an atomic molar ratio, and the active metal is at least one selected from cobalt, nickel, iron and manganese. The present invention further provides a desulfurization catalyst preparation method and a hydrocarbon oil desulfurization method. The desulfurization catalyst of the present invention has good desulfurization activity and good activity stability.