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Methods for Genotyping

a genotyping and method technology, applied in the field of genotyping methods, can solve problems such as the complexity of genomes, and achieve the effect of managing or reducing the complexity of nucleic acid samples

Inactive Publication Date: 2011-09-08
AFFYMETRIX INC
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  • Summary
  • Abstract
  • Description
  • Claims
  • Application Information

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

The present invention provides novel methods for preparing and analyzing nucleic acid samples by amplifying target sequences using specific capture probes attached to a solid support. The extended capture probes are attached to the solid support through a covalent interaction and can be cleaved from the solid support. The target sequences are then hybridized to an array of tag probes or an array designed to interrogate at least one polymorphic location in the sample. The hybridization pattern is analyzed to determine the identity of the allele or alleles present at one or more polymorphic locations in the sample. The invention allows for the efficient and accurate analysis of nucleic acid samples and can be used in various applications such as genotyping and disease diagnosis.

Problems solved by technology

Genome-wide assays, however, must contend with the complexity of genomes; the human genome for example is estimated to have a complexity of 3×109 base pairs.

Method used

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Examples

Experimental program
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Effect test

example 1

Msp Digestions of HTR2A PCR Product

[0091] HTR2A PCR products were taken from 16 individuals, digested with the restriction enzyme Msp and the samples were run on a gel. The genotypes of the 16 individuals were the following: 1 individual with a TT genotype, 7 individuals with a CT genotype, and 8 individuals with a CC genotype. Individuals with a CT genotype produce two distinct bands on the gel in which the second band is aligned equally with one band produced for individuals with CC genotype. The first band of the CT genotype is higher on the gel than CC genotype band. Individuals with TT genotype have one distinct band that is higher on the gel than the individuals with CC genotype. The experiment showed that Msp digestion worked on individuals with a CT genotype.

example 2

Exonuclease Sensitivity of Primers

[0092] Allele specific forward primers were run with different polymerases and phosphorothioate linkages. The primers were incubated with no enzyme, vent polymerase, deep vent polymerase, and deep vent (exo-) polymerase with 0, 1 and 3 phosphorothioate linkages. All products were incubated at 72° C. for 45 minutes. The products were run on a 8M urea 15% acrylamide gel and stained with Sybr Green. No distinct bands were observed in the lanes where the primers had 0 phosphorothioate linkages in the vent polymerase or deep vent polymerase lanes. Distinct bands were found in other lanes. The experiment showed that allele specific forward primers are resistant to 3′to 5′ exonuclease activity only if they contain at least one phosphorathioate linkage.

example 3

Phosphorothioate Linkages Increase Specificity of PCR

[0093] Samples were run on a gel with individuals with CC genotype, TT genotype, and no DNA and these samples varied with 0, 1, and 3 phosphorothioate linkages. The gels were on Pfu Ultra at 55° C., 60° C., and 65° C. The results showed that no bands in the no DNA lanes at all temperatures. Bands were visible in lanes with 1 or 3 phosphorothioate linkages with respect to CC genotype and TT genotype at all temperatures. However, no band was visible in the TT genotype lane with 0 phosphorothioate linkages at all temperatures. The results indicate phosphorothioate linkages help to increase the specificity of standard solution phase PCR.

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Abstract

The present invention provides for methods for discriminating between alleles at polymorphic positions in a genome. In general the methods employ allele specific extension of oligonucleotides that are complementary to one of the alleles at the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide. The allele specific oligonucleotides are resistant to proof reading activity from a polymerase and may be extended in an allele specific manner by a DNA polymerase with a functional 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity. The allele specific oligonucleotides may be attached to a solid support such as a chip or a bead.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The application claims priority to U.S. Provisional application 60 / 752,782 filed Dec. 21, 2005, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention relates to methods for determining the genotype of one or more polymorphisms using allele specific primer extension. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The past years have seen a dynamic change in the ability of science to comprehend vast amounts of data. Pioneering technologies such as nucleic acid arrays allow scientists to delve into the world of genetics in far greater detail than ever before. Exploration of genomic DNA has long been a dream of the scientific community. Held within the complex structures of genomic DNA lies the potential to identify, diagnose, or treat diseases like cancer, Alzheimer disease or alcoholism. Exploitation of genomic information from plants and animals may also provide answers to the world's food distribution problems....

Claims

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Application Information

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Patent Type & Authority Applications(United States)
IPC IPC(8): C12Q1/68
CPCC12Q1/6809C12Q1/686C12Q1/6876C12Q1/6858C12Q1/6855C12Q1/6837C12Q2565/514C12Q2563/149C12Q2521/301C12Q2525/155C12Q2563/131C12Q2565/537C12Q2537/143C12Q2531/113C12Q2565/501C12Q2521/307C12Q2600/156C12Q2525/179C12Q2535/125C12Q1/6874
Inventor SHAPERO, MICHAEL H.
Owner AFFYMETRIX INC
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