Methods for using sulfidized red mud

Abstract

Toxic substances such as heavy metals are extracted from a medium using a sorbent composition. The sorbent composition is derived by sulfidation of red mud, which contains hydrated ferric oxides derived from the Bayer processing of bauxite ores. Exemplary sulfidizing compounds are H2S, Na2S, K2S, (NH4)2S, and CaSx. The sulfur content typically is from about 0.2 to about 10% above the residual sulfur in the red mud. Sulfidized red mud is an improved sorbent compared to red mud for most of the heavy metals tested (Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Se, Th, and U). Unlike red mud, sulfidized red mud does not leach naturally contained metals. Sulfidized red mud also prevents leaching of metals when mixed with red mud. Mixtures of sulfidized red mud and red mud are more effective for sorbing other ions, such as As, Co, Mn, and Sr, than sulfidized red mud alone.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS[0001]This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 12 / 781,965, filed May 18, 2010, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 12 / 537,907, filed Aug. 7, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,807,058, which is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 11 / 277,282, filed Mar. 23, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,763,566, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The disclosure of U.S. application Ser. No. 12 / 796,066, filed Jun. 8, 2010, and being a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11 / 277,282, filed Mar. 23, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,763,566, is also incorporated hereinto by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTION[0002]The present invention is generally directed to sorbents and methods for use of said sorbents in the treatment of fluids such as waste streams to remove undesired contaminants contained therein and particularly for the facile extraction of heavy metals inter alia from liquid and gaseous streams, as...

AI Technical Summary

Benefits of technology

[0021]The sorbent of the present invention is more effective for sorbing various contaminants, such as mercury, which are less effectively sorbed by red mud. Conversely, red mud is effective for sorbing other contaminants, such as arsenic, which are not effectively sorbed by the sulfidized red mud sorbent. Thus, some treatments can benefit by using both red mud and sulfidized red mud, either in the same sorbent composition or in separate treatment stages. Such sorbent combinations potentially can allow for the extraction of a wider range of contaminants.

[0022]Sulfidized red mud as disclosed herein is an effective sorbent for removing a wide variety of noxious materials from fluids ranging from contaminated water to flue gases and further permits more facile recycling of caustic liquors in aluminum production by sulfidizing red mud resulting from such processes.

Problems solved by technology

Heavy metal contaminated flue gases and liquids from various sources (ground, stream, runoff, mines, petroleum, industrial waste, sanitary waste) are among the most dangerous and difficult environmental problems facing the world today.

An especially serious problem is posed by toxic metals in such streams.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified women of childbearing age as especially threatened because of possible neurological damage to unborn children.

Activated carbon currently sells for about 45 cents per pound ($900 per ton) but the disposal or possible regeneration of mercury-sorbed activated carbon present unresolved problems at this time.

Red mud is an undesirable by-product and major pollutant from the Bayer Process.

Red mud is a very hydrophilic, high pH slime which is extremely difficult to dewater by filtration or sedimentation means.

This complicates and limits its utility as a sorbent in aqueous systems.

However, the sorptive and release properties of red mud are not always complementary.

An unintended result of this application was that runoff waters showed excessive quantities of copper, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium.

The disastrous red mud application test was abruptly terminated after five years.

Furthermore, the capacity of red mud to capture and hold toxic substances such as mercury and related metals is not adequate to eliminate traces of these metals in leachate.

The possibility also exists that sorption of one toxic pollutant may release other pollutants.

As a result, use of red mud as a sorbent to achieve drinking water standards can be problematic.

The red mud products treated according to the teaching of Yu et al are ineffective for use as sorbents.