Internal compression tourniquet catheter system and method for wound track navigation and hemorrhage control

Abstract

An internal compression tourniquet catheter system and method for controlling hemorrhage from wounds, particularly penetrating wounds. Its construction includes an inflatable member constructed of very thin, flexible, biocompatible, and nonelastic and puncture resistant material such that when deflated it lies flat and can be wrapped around the catheter shaft, which passes within and has a lumen to inflate it, to minimize overall diameter when deflated for insertion into the tissue track created by the wounding agent. The inflatable member is of large potential volume enabling full inflation with near zero internal pressure when unconstrained externally. When positioned within a wound track and inflated, the gas or liquid injected into the balloon lumen creates pressure because its expansion is constrained by the tissues of the wound, and that pressure is transmitted directly to the surrounding tissue of the wound track. The pressure exerted on the tissue can be precisely measured and controlled, automatically if appropriate, such that sufficient pressure is applied to tamponade bleeding, but not damage tissue. Since the balloon is of large potential volume, it can easily expand to fill and compress small, large, and irregular wound tracks and can successfully tamponade wounds that smaller, elastic balloon catheters would be unable to tamponade. The catheter system includes means to assist insertion into the wound track, including a rounded or bulbous exploring tip and an internal stylet with an external orientable handle. The distal end of the catheter-stylet assembly can be bent slightly to allow following a curved or irregular wound track, such wound track navigation further assisted by twisting the stylet handle to orient the bent catheter tip within the wound track.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] I claim the Date and Priority of My Provisional Application Filed Aug. 17, 2003 Ref. No. 60496051.FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH [0002] Not Applicable SEQUENCE LISTING OR PROGRAM [0003] Not Applicable FIELD OF INVENTION [0004] The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for controlling major hemorrhage in living creatures. More specifically, it relates to an internal compression tamponade catheter system, generally in a catheter form, but optionally in a bag or bladder form, which incorporates design elements specifically to tamponade such hemorrhage but equally importantly, it contains elements that are specifically designed to aid its insertion deep into tissue spaces from which blood loss is occurring. Generally such tissue spaces are wound tracks caused by penetrating injuries that cause major and often fatal hemorrhage, but such tissue spaces in which my catheter system is applicable also includes body cavities in ...

AI Technical Summary

Problems solved by technology

Penetrating wounds are where penetrating injuries have an entry wound through the skin surface, but do not produce an exit skin wound since the depth of penetration of the missile or sharp object is not sufficient to pass completely through the portion of the body that is injured.

Both types of penetrating trauma wounds can cause substantial and often fatal bleeding.

However, this externally applied pressure must be greater than the blood pressure if arterial bleeding is the cause of the major hemorrhage, and it must be maintained for a prolonged period of time, often until the victim reaches definitive care, otherwise the bleeding will start again when the external pressure is removed.

If the wound is on an extremity, the compressing cloth or bandage can be tied snugly, but unfortunately, this snug tying often becomes like a loose tourniquet and can actually increase bleeding from veins if sufficient direct pressure is not applied directly to the bleeding wound.

Unfortunately, for these clot promoters to be effective, the wound must be such that the promoters can come into direct contact with the bleeding vessels in order to be effective and hence such enhanced direct compression bandages containing clot promoters, or the direct pressure on a wound into which a clot promoter has been poured, are not more effective than their un-enhanced counterpart stopping bleeding from wounds in which the bleeding vessels are deep within the wound and thus not reachable by traditional methods to achieve the required direct contact by the clot promoters.

If not applied tightly enough however, such a tourniquet can actually increase bleeding since it compresses the veins preventing any return of blood to the body from the limb, but insufficiently compresses the artery and hence additional blood enters the limb and is lost from the wound or extravasated into the wounded tissue itself.

However, since all blood vessels are occluded by the tourniquet when properly applied, the limb tissue distal to the tourniquet (often such tissue is healthy and uninjured) is also rendered totally ischemic since all the distal tissue is without blood supply.

Typically such limb ischemia can be tolerated for only 3-4 hours before the tissue distal to the tourniquet is killed and becomes necrotic from lack of blood supply, but severe injury has been caused by even less time of occlusion.

Consequently, if the tourniquet is not removed within 3-6 hours, the entire limb will be dead and require amputation.

Additionally, since the ischemic part of the limb distal to the tourniquet is slowly dying and releasing myoglobin from the ischemic muscle tissue, if the tourniquet is released after a period of 3-6 hrs, the patient may eventually die due to renal failure caused by the systemic circulation of the myoglobin which is toxic to the kidneys and which is released by the ischemic muscle into the blood stream after the tourniquet is released.

Tourniquets may be lifesaving, but they can result in loss of limb and possibly life if used inappropriately.

Their attempts to tamponade penetrating stab wounds (SWs) and gunshot wounds (GSWs) with the Foley urinary catheter, with its very small balloon size of 15-20 ml, its suboptimal round balloon shape, and its difficulty of placement into the wound track, demonstrated somewhat disappointing overall results in that only 5 of 8 cases were successfully tamponadded.

However, these were attempts made in the Emergency Department (ED) and not at surgery under anesthesia where more accurate placement might have been possible.

However, the bleeding was successfully tamponadded in several cases and resulted in buying time for definitive treatment with ultimate survival and in some may have proven truly lifesaving.

That is, it has no introducer or mechanism to assist its insertion into the liver wound, relying on its own stiffness and user creativity to introduce it sufficiently deep to tamponade the bleeding.

Also, since the balloon on the Liver Tamponade Balloon is elastic and requires internal pressure to inflate it, there is no method of knowing what actual pressure is being applied to the tissue by the balloon since the inflation of the balloon requires pressure.

Thus, if someone inadvertently injected more than 60 ml of saline, the pressure in the wound track applied directly to the liver would increase and potentially split or fracture the delicate liver tissue resulting in greater injury.

The same undesirable outcome might occur if the 60 ml of saline were injected into the balloon and the wound track in which the balloon was positioned was of insufficient size to accommodate even as little as the 60 ml without liver damage.

The difficulty with this elastic balloon tamponade catheter design, and all such designs, is that since it takes positive pressure to distend the balloon even when it is unconstrained by tissue in a wound track, it is impossible to know how much of the distending pressure generated by the injection of the 60 ml of saline is contributing to distention of the balloon and how much is actually being applied to the wound track within the balloon.

Too little wound track pressure may result in inadequate tamponade and too much wound track pressure may result in making the injury worse since it may split delicate or friable tissue.

It is not designed for emergency treatment of penetrating traumatic wounds and its size and shape would make it unsuitable in general for treating traumatic penetrating trauma wounds.

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